Ultimate Arabic

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

Welcome to the end, that is, the end of our Arabic grammar series based on al-Ajurroomiyyah (but don’t worry, I’ve got of plenty of other stuff planned out to write on).  We’ve looked at all the situations that a noun can be in raf’ or nasb.  Today, we’ll look at when it can be in jarr and we’ll get it all done in one final segment إن شاء الله.

By the way, the word جَرّ means “to drag something”, which makes sense because kasrah is written using a dragging stroke below the letter.

And away we go…

الْمَخْفُوْضَاتُ ثَلاثَةُ أنْوَاعٍ: مَخْفُوْضٌ بِالْحَرْفِ، وَمَخْفُوْضٌ بِالإضافَةِ، وَتابِعٌ لِلْمَخْفُوْضِ

The khafdh-ized words are three: khafdh-ized using particles, khafdh-ized using idhafah and a follower of a khafdh-ized word

They are three kinds of jarr-ized words (the Ajurroomiyyah uses khafdh instead of jarr, but they are the same thing).  Each will be explained in detail further below: [Read more…] about 3 types of nouns in جَرّ

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

The مَفْعُول مَعَهُ (object of accompaniment) is the 11th of the 15 types of nouns in نَصْب and tells us who/what an action was done along with.  First, its definition from al-Ajurroomiyyah:

وَهُوَ: الاسْمُ المَنْصُوْبُ الَّذِيْ يُذْكَرُ لِبَيانِ مَنْ فُعِلَ مَعَهُ الْفِعْلُ، نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ: جاءَ الأمِيْرُ وَالْجَيْشَ وَاسْتَوى الْماءُ وَالخَشَبَةَ

It (the object of accompaniment) is the nasb-ized noun that is mentioned to clarify who the action was done along with, like your saying جاءَ الأمِيْرُ وَالْجَيْشَ (“The leader came with the army”) and اسْتَوى الْماءُ وَالخَشَبَةَ (“the water became level along with the wood”)

The object of accompaniment is :

1. An اسْم (noun) – Just like for the تَمْيِيْز (distinction), it must be an اسم صرِيح (outright noun) – not a verb or a particle.  It also cannot be a sentence that is re-interpreted as a noun like how we saw when studying the حال (condition)
2. An extra addition to the sentence – It’s not an essential component of the sentence like the doer of a verbal sentence or the mubtada’ or khabar of a nominal sentence.
3. In nasb – either using a verb (e.g. حَضَرَ الْأَمِيْرُ وَالْجَيْشَ – “The leader came with the army”) or another word from the same root that has the meaning of the verb (e.g. الأمَيْرُ حاضِرٌ وَالْجَيْشَ – “The leader is present along with the army”)
4. The entity in whose company the action occurred
5. Preceded by a و that is textually used to indicate the accompaniment – It probably would have been more precise if the definition was given as “the nasb-ized noun that is mentioned after و with the meaning of ‘with'”

Now, the noun that comes after the و as a مفعُول معه can be one of two types: [Read more…] about الْمَفْعُوْلُ مَعَهُ (The object of accompaniment)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

The مَفَوْل مِنْ أجْلِهِ (also called مَفْعُوْل لَهُ by grammarians) is the 10th of the 15 types of nouns in نَصْب and tells why an action was done.  We might call it the “object of reason”, for lack of better words.  First, its definition:

وَهُوَ: الاسْمُ، الْمَنْصُوْبُ، الذِيْ يُذْكَرُ بَياناً لِسَبَبِ وُقُوْعِ الفِعْلِ، نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ: “قامَ زَيْدٌ إجْلالاً لِعَمْرٍو” وَقَصَدْتُكَ ابْتِغاءَ مَعْرُوْفِكَ

It (the reason for the action) is the nasb-ized ism that is mentioned to clarify the cause of the action’s occurrence, like your saying قامَ زَيْدٌ إجْلالاً لِعَمْرٍو (“Zayd stood out of respect for ‘Amr”) and قَصَدْتُكَ ابْتِغاءَ مَعْرُوْفِكَ (“I set out to you desiring your goodness”)

The object of reason must be a noun and it has to meet 5 conditions: [Read more…] about الْمَفْعُوْل مِنْ أجْلِهِ (The cause for the action)

السلام عليكم

The 9th of the 15 types of nouns in نَصْب, is the مُنادى (vocative).  In the language, a مُنادى (munaada) is someone you want to approach you in the general sense.  In grammar, it’s when you want someone to come nearer and you use يا or one of its siblings to call them.  Other members of the يا family are

• the letter أَ in أزَيْدُ أقْبِلْ (“O Zayd, come closer”)
• أَيْ as in أَيْ إبْراهِيْمُ تَفَهَّمْ (“O Ibrahim, try to understand!”)
• أيا as in أيا عَبْدَ اللهِ تَعَالَ (“O Abdallah, come!”)
• هَيا as in هَيا مُحَمَّدُ تَعالَ (“O Muhammad, come!”)
• Sometimes you’ll see يَاأيُّهَا (for a masculine) or يَاأَيَّتُهَا (for feminine) followed by a word that starts with ال, which you’ll see in the Quranic examples

The 5 Kinds of مُنَادى

ِالمُنادى خَمْسَةُ أنْواعٍ: المُفْرَدُ العَلَمُ، وَالنَّكِرَةُ الْمَقصُوْدَةُ، وَالنَّكِرَةُ غَيْرُ الْمَقْصُوْدَةِ، وَالْمُضافُ، وَالشَبِيْهُ بِالْمُضاف

The vocative is 5 kinds, the مُفْرَدُ عَلَم (single word that is a proper name), the intended indefinite noun, the unintended indefinite noun, the mudhaaf, and الشَبِيْهُ بِالْمُضاف (what resembles a mudhaaf).

So, the vocative can be one of 5 things ( We already talked about what the مُفْرَد and the شَبِيْه بِالْمُضاف are when we did the  noun negated by لا, so they should be familiar): [Read more…] about الْمُنَادَى (The vocative)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

Today we’re looking at the 8th of the 15 types of nouns in نَصْب, which is اسْمُ لا (the noun that is negated by لا).  There are several scenarios here, so you’ll have to pay attention to this one!

Negation using لا

اعْلَمْ أَنّ “لا” تَنْصِبُ النَّكِراتِ بِغَيْرِ تَنْوِيْنٍ إذا باشَرَتِ النَّكِرَةَ وَلَمْ تَتَكَرَّرْ “لا” نَحْوُ: لا رَجُلَ فِي الدّارِ

Know that لا nasb-izes indefinite nouns without tanwin if it is immediately before the indefinite noun and is not repeated, as in لا رَجُلَ فِي الدّارِ (“there is no man in the house”).

The categorical لا (used for negating the information in the khabar for an entire category) has the same effect as the إنّ family on a sentence (i.e. it nasb-izes a noun and makes it its ism and leaves the khabar in raf’).  It is different from a لا that simply negates the truthfulness of the sentence.  If these four conditions are present, it’s mandatory for this لا to have this effect: [Read more…] about اسْمُ لا (The noun negated by لا)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله,

Today we’re going to do the 7th of the 15 types of nouns in نَصْب, which is الاسْتِثْناء (the exception).

Words used to make exceptions

حُرُوْفُ الاسْتِثْناءِ ثَمانِيَةٌ، وَهِيَ: إِلاّ، وَغَيْرٌ، وَسِوَى، وَسُوَى، وَسَواءٌ، وَخَلا، وَعَدَا، وَحَاشَا

The particles of exception are eight in number, and they are إِلاّ (illaa), غَيْرٌ (ghayr), سِوًى (siwan)، سُوًى (suwan), سَواءٌ (sawaa’un), خَلا (khalaa), عَدَا (‘adaa) and حَاشَا (haashaa)

الاسْتِثْناء (the exception) means إخراج (“to take something out”) and in grammar it mean to take something out (using إلا or another tool) that would otherwise have been part of what’s before the tool.

Note: I’m using the word “tool” here because not all of these eight are actually “particles” (حُرُوْف).  As you’ll see later, some of them are actually nouns, so we can refer to this mixed bag of nouns and particles as أدَوات (instruments/tools).

An example to consider: نَجَحَ التّلامِيْذُ إلاّ عَامِراً (“The students passed except Amir”).  You used إلاّ (“except”) to remove one of the students (Amir), and if you hadn’t made this exception, Amir would have been included in the students who succeeded.

There are a lot of tools used to make exception.  Eight are mentioned in الآجُرُّوْمِيَّة, and they fall into three groups: [Read more…] about الاِسْتِثْناء (The exception)