السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

We’re continuing our study of grammatical followers, and today we’re looking at التَّوْكِيْد (the emphasis).

التَّوْكِيْد (Emphasis)

التَّوْكِيْدُ: تابِعٌ لِلْمُؤَكَّدِ فِيْ رَفْعِهِ وَنَصْبِهِ وَخَفْضِهِ وَتَعْرِيْفِهِ …

The emphasis is a word that follows the emphasized word in its raf’, nasb, khafdh (jarr) and its definiteness…

تَوْكِيْد (also pronounced تَأْكِيْد with a أ instead of و) means to strengthen something and in grammar there are two kinds of emphasis: [Read more…] about التَّوْكِيْد (The emphasis)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

One of a the reasons why a noun can be in a state is that it is a تَابِع (grammatical follower of another word).

There are four kinds of grammatical followers (i.e. they come after a word and follow it in status):

1. 1. النَّعْت (The adjective)
   2. العَطْف (The conjunction)
   3. التَوْكِيْد (The emphasis)
   4. الْبَدَل (The substitute)

 

Until next time, السلام عليكم

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السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

We’re still talking about grammatical followers of a word that come after it and follow it in status.  We’ve done النَّعْت (The adjective).  Now we’re going to look at the عَطْف (conjunction), starting with some particles that are used to join between words in a sentence:

ِحُرُوْف العَطْف (The particles of conjunction)

ِوَحُرُوْفُ العَطْفِ عَشْرَةٌ، وَهِيَ: الْوَاوُ، وَالْفاءُ، وَثُمَّ، وَأَوْ، وَأَمْ، وَإمّا، وَبَلْ، وَلا، وَلَكِنْ، وَحَتَّى فِيْ بَعْضِ المَواضِعِ

And the particles of conjunctions are 10.  They are the letters و (waw) and ف (fa), ثُمَّ (thumma), أَوْ (aw), أَمْ (am), إمّا  (immaa), بَلْ (bal), لا (laa), لَكِنْ (laakin), and حَتّى (hattaa) – in some situations

The word عَطْف (‘atf ) in the normal sense means “to incline to something”.  If you say عَطَفَ فُلانٌ عَلى فُلانٍ (“Somebody had ‘atf for somebody”), it means that he inclined toward him and had affection for him.

In grammar, they’re two kinds of ‘atf : [Read more…] about العَطْف (Conjunctions)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

When we talked about نَعْت (description) in النَّعْت (The adjective), we mentioned definite and indefinite nouns a lot because we were trying to show how the نَعْت (description) and the مَنْعُوْت (what you are describing) have to match in being definite or indefinite.

To keep it straight, all nouns are either definite or indefinite.  First the definite nouns:

The kinds of definite nouns

وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ خَمْسَةُ أشْياء: الِاسْمُ المُضْمَرُ نَحْوُ أَنَا وَأَنْتَ وَالاِسْمُ العَلَمُ نَحْوُ زَيْدٌ وَمَكَّةُ, وَالاسْمُ المُبْهَمُ نَحْوُ هّذا وَهَذِهِ وَهَؤُلاءِ وَالاِسْمُ الَّذِيْ فِيْهِ الأَلِفُ وَاللامُ نَحْوُ: الرَّجُلُ وَالْغُلامُ, وَما أُضِيْفَ إلى وَاحِدٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الأرْبَعَةِ

… and the definite noun is [one of] five things: The pronoun, like أنا (“I”) and أنْتَ (“you”), the proper noun, like زَيْدٌ (Zayd) and مَكَّةُ (Makkah), the vague pronoun, like هَذا (“this”), هَذِهِ (“this [f.]”) and هَؤُلاءِ (“these”), the noun that has ال in it, like الرَجُلُ (“the man”) and الْغُلامُ (“the boy”), and whatever is mudhaaf to one of these four.

The definite noun is a word that is used for a specific entity or entities, and there are five kinds of definite nouns (with the explanation to follow):

1. The pronoun
2. The proper name
3. The demonstrative pronoun
4. A noun that has ال added to the beginning of it
5. Whatever has been added to one of these to make an Idhafah (the possessive phrase)

[Read more…] about Definite and Indefinite Nouns

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,

Today we’re going to start looking at التَابِعُ لِلْمَرْفُوْعِ (the grammatical follower of a word that’s in raf’).

There are four kinds of grammatical followers  (i.e. they come after a word and follow it in status).

This post is going to cover the نَعْت, and the rest will come in later sections إنْ شاء الله

 

باب النَعْتِ (The chapter on the adjective)

النَعْتُ: تَابِعٌ لِلْمَنْعُوْتِ فِيْ رَفْعِهِ وَنَصْبِهِ وَخَفْضِهِ, وَتَعْرَيْفِهِ وَتَنْكِيْرِهِ, قَامَ زَيْدٌ الْعَاقِلُ, وَرَأَيْتُ زَيْدًا الْعَاقِلَ وَمَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ الْعاقِلِ

The adjective is a follower of the described word in its raf’, nasb and khafdh (jarr) and in its being a definite and indefinite noun. [You would say]:  قَامَ زَيْدٌ الْعَاقِلُ (“Zayd, the intelligent, stood”), رَأَيْتُ زَيْدًا الْعَاقِلَ (“I saw Zayd, the intelligent”), and مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ الْعاقِلِ (“I passed by Zayd, the intelligent”).

The word نَعْتُ (na’t) means “a description”, and the word it’s describing is called the مَنْعُوْت (the “described word”).  We can say it’s like an adjective in English except that in Arabic, it will come after the word it’s describing, and not necessarily right after it.  “A big house” would be “بَيْتٌ كَبِيْرٌ” (Which is بَيْتٌ – “house”, followed by كَبَيْرٌ – “big”).

Now, there are two kinds of na’t:

1. نَعْت حَقِيْقِيّ (“true description”) – Used for an attribute in the described entity
   • جاءَ مُحَمَّدٌ الْعاقِلُ (“Muhammad, the intelligent, came”) – العاقِلُ describes مُحَمَّدٌ
2. نَعْت سَبَبِيّ (“causal description”) – The attribute isn’t actually in who/what we’re describing, but is in something else related to it.  This “something else” is the real reason why we’re mentioning the trait (intelligence, beauty, size, etc.) and is called the sabab (cause).  This sabab will have a pronoun going back to the مَنْعُوْت
   • جَاءَ مُحَمَّدٌ الْفاضِلُ أبُوْهُ (“Muhammad, whose father is honorable, came”) – We are describing Muhammad, but his father (أبُوْهُ)  is the sabab for why we’re saying الْفَاضِلُ (“the honorable”).   The pronoun هُ (“his”) in أبُوْهُ refers back to مُحَمَّدٌ

[Read more…] about النَّعْت (The adjective)